JUST FOR REFERENCE

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Conjunctions

Definition: Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating and correlative conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses.

For example, in each of the following sentences the coordinating conjunction “and” connects equal words or groups of words:

Connects two words: John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.

Connects two phrases: The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch.

Connects two clauses: Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers.

There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using the acronym “FANBOYS”: for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause. The subordinating clause answers the questions “when” or “why” about the main clause.

Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways:

I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when)

Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why)

I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition)

Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. (opposition)

Note: The subordinating conjunction does not always come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause

Correlatives

Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join sentence elements that are similar in importance.

The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions:

Both, and: Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year.

Neither, nor: Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year.

Not only, but also: Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also become one of the strongest players.

Coordinating Conjunction

Cumulative conjunction

A cumulative conjunction merely adds one statement to another.

Examples are:  and, both…and, as well as, not only…but also

Alice cooked the dinner and Peter tidied the house.
She is both clever and beautiful.
Tom as well as John passed the test.
They not only looted the shop but also set it on fire.

Roger and Leland went to the park to play ball.

The rain was pouring down outside but we were able to stay dry inside.

I should get my birthday gift early this year because I deserve it!

Neither me nor my dog were fed dinner tonight.

What if Stephanie and I were to take piano lessons together?

Not only did Roger score a point at the big game, but he also was voted the most valuable player by his team.

Adversative conjunction

An adversative conjunction expresses opposition or contrast between two statements.

Examples are: but, still, yet, whereas, while, nevertheless etc.

The rope was thin but it was strong.
He is rich still he is unhappy.
There was little chance of success nevertheless they decided to go ahead.

THE LOST WORLD ch-8 {STRICTLY DO NOT BEGIN ANSWERS WITH

 “BECAUSE”,remove the brackets  and TRY TO REFRAME THE

 ANSWERS}

Word galaxy:

Hospitable: Treating guests warmly

Fazenda: A Brazilian Farm

Reveal: To make known

Sketch: a brief description

Concealed: hidden

Fraud: Cheating

Antithesis: opposite, Contrast

Tremendous: great n size, amount, intensity

Unfolds: Open out, to reveal

Inscribed: to mark, to print

Precisely: Exactly, definitely

Gasps: a sudden short intake of breath

Imposter: A person who practices deception

Distinctive: having a special quality

Intended: meant

Expedition: An adventure journey

Land of Unknown: An unexplored land

Take into confidence: Trusting

Vague: Not clear

Who were Zambo, Manuel and Gomez?

They were natives enrolled by Melone for expedition .Zambo a gigantic negro, a dark skinned Hercules. Manuel and Gomex were half breeds who have spent most of their life in the Amazon.

 Why Summerlee called Prof Challenger an imposter?

 Because the envelope that he gave contained nothing but a blank paper.

 What was the mode of transportation?

 They travelled by a launch hired by Lord Raxton.

Who wanted to command the expedition?

(Professor Challenger)

What was Esmeralda?

( It was the launch by which they travelled up the river.)

 What was the condition of the weather and river?

( It was dry season and river was in a normal condition. Temperature ranged between seventy five to ninety degree.)

THE MAN HE KILLED 8 {STRICTLY DO NOT BEGIN ANSWERS WITH “BECAUSE”,remove the brackets 

and TRY TO REFRAME THE ANSWERS}

1What is the setting of the poem? ( The poem is written after the Boer War)

2 What is narrator’s mood? ( Narrator feels sad about the futility of the war)

 3 Do you think Narrator is regretting his action? (No, he is not regretting. He is justifying his act of killing by saying that in a war scenario, people kill each other.)

4Explain the lines:But raged as Infantry:

Right many a nipperkin:

That’s clear enough although:

Ans) Right many a nipperkin: Poet and the dead soldier that he apparently killed will drink many a jars of beer and other liquor like friends in a country inn.

But ranged as infantry: Fighting as a foot soldier for an army unit.

 That’s clear enough although: It is clear that he shot the soldier dead only because he was his enemy but ‘although’ denotes that narrator is not very sure of his action .

5 What are the two things the speaker would have done for the man had they not been at the war? (He would have lend him half a crown and he would have bought him beer or drinks)

6 Do you think the man killed was really a speaker’s foe? Why? And Why Not? (He was just another soldier like speaker perhaps listed for the same reason just to find employment.)

7 What is the theme of the poem? (War is futile/useless/ meaningless)

8 What are the rhymimg words?

Inn-Nipperkin, face -place, i –why, down- crown, foe - although)

9 What is the structure? Poem has five stanzas.

10What is the form? ( It is a lyric poem)

11 What is the style? I It is confessional poem by the poet)

12 What is the titile of the poem? ( The Man He killed)

 13 Is the title obvious? ( Yes, The title of the poem is perfectly okay , it’s about a soldier being killed in the war)

14  Is there a tautology in the poem? ( Yes By some old ancient inn)

 15 Is there an inversion in the poem? ( Yes,Just so my foe of course he was)

16 Are opening and closing lines of poem significant?( Yes, Opening lines tell how poet noticed her mother hiding her hands from fair lady...This became the basis of the poem is talling about the meeting in an different situation)

17 Is there a clear passage of time mentioned in the poem? ( Yes the poem is at the time of Boer war)

18 Who is the speaker( narrator is a soldier himself)

 19 Is the poem a fantasy or a reality? ( A reality)

 20 What is the mood of the poem? Is it mysterious, festive, provocative or thoughtful, ironic? ( it is more thoughtful as well as ironic)

21 What is the theme? ( The war is futile and pointless)

 22 What is the rhythm of the poem? ( it is conversational and confessional)

THE TEMPEST

{STRICTLY DO NOT BEGIN ANSWERS WITH “BECAUSE”,remove the brackets 

and TRY TO REFRAME THE ANSWERS}

(**here PROSPERO is the duke of Milan and Miranda’s

biological father**)

NEW WORDS

Pitch: dark, tenacious, and viscous substances

douse: to extinguish

contained: to have

swallowed up:to take in so as to envelop

merely :only

humble: modest, low in status

befell: to happen

evil: immoral, wicked

deed: act

distress: great pain, anxiety

treacherous: deceptive, untrustworthy

liberal arts: humanities and social science realted subjects

ambitious : having lofty aims in life

furthering: advancing

Overruling: to rule against

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS..…

1 Who caused the shipwreck and how? ( Prospero with his magic powers.)

2 What was the name of Alonso’s daughter? ( Claribel)

3  Who was Prospero in reality? (Prospero was the Duke of Milan, a powerful prince.)

 4 How did Prospero lose his kingdom?

( Prospero had abdicated day-to-day rule of his kingdom to his brother, Antonio, as books held more attraction than duties, and he willingly allowed his brother the opportunity to grasp control. But Antonio used his position to undermine Prospero and to plot against him. Prospero's trust in his brother proved unwise, when Antonio formed an alliance with the king of Naples to ousted Prospero and seize his heritage. Prospero and his daughter were placed in a small,rickety boat and put out to sea.

5 Where is Prospero putting up with his daughter? ( on an island)

6  “We lost our power because of evil deeds, as you call them.”

a. Who said these words to whom? Why?

Prospero said these words to Miranda. He gave this as a reason for them being without their kingdom.

7 How did Miranda and Prospero reach the island?

Having entrusted the control of his land to his brother, Prospero got engrossed instudying liberal arts and occult books. He slowly lost control of his government. His brother Antonio took the control of his government.

8 What kind of a person was Miranda?

Miranda was a sensitive and soft hearted person. She cared for people. She was unable to see other people suffering. She requested her father to stop the storm as she didn’t want any harm befalling on the people.

9 What does Miranda remember and what doesn’t she remember?

Miranda remembered that there were four or five women looking after her. She couldn’t remember how she got to the island.