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Conjunctions

Definition: Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases or clauses. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating, subordinating and correlative conjunctions.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with similar values. They may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses or two dependent clauses.

For example, in each of the following sentences the coordinating conjunction “and” connects equal words or groups of words:

Connects two words: John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.

Connects two phrases: The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low branch.

Connects two clauses: Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers.

There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and they are often remembered by using the acronym “FANBOYS”: for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so.

Subordinating Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a subordinating clause. The subordinating clause answers the questions “when” or “why” about the main clause.

Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions changing a clause into adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways:

I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when)

Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why)

I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition)

Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door. (opposition)

Note: The subordinating conjunction does not always come between the two clauses it connects. Often, it comes at the beginning of the first clause

Correlatives

Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs. They are similar to coordinating conjunctions because they join sentence elements that are similar in importance.

The following are some examples of coordinating conjunctions:

Both, and: Both Rodney and Xing made the varsity team this year.

Neither, nor: Neither Rodney nor Xing made the varsity team this year.

Not only, but also: Not only did Rodney make the varsity team, but he also become one of the strongest players.

Coordinating Conjunction

Cumulative conjunction

A cumulative conjunction merely adds one statement to another.

Examples are:  and, both…and, as well as, not only…but also

Alice cooked the dinner and Peter tidied the house.
She is both clever and beautiful.
Tom as well as John passed the test.
They not only looted the shop but also set it on fire.

Roger and Leland went to the park to play ball.

The rain was pouring down outside but we were able to stay dry inside.

I should get my birthday gift early this year because I deserve it!

Neither me nor my dog were fed dinner tonight.

What if Stephanie and I were to take piano lessons together?

Not only did Roger score a point at the big game, but he also was voted the most valuable player by his team.

Adversative conjunction

An adversative conjunction expresses opposition or contrast between two statements.

Examples are: but, still, yet, whereas, while, nevertheless etc.

The rope was thin but it was strong.
He is rich still he is unhappy.
There was little chance of success nevertheless they decided to go ahead.